propitiation, the sacrifice for sin, the mercy seat -- Greek: hilastērion [transliterated]
This Greek word is used in the Greek OT to refer to the “atonement cover,” also known as the "mercy seat" the cover that rested on the Ark of the Covenant in the inner sanctuary of the Tabernacle. The atonement cover was prominent in the Day of Atonement ritual (Lev 16) and came to stand for the atonement ceremony itself. Paul characterizes Jesus Christ as God’s provision of final atonement for his people.
-- NLT Study Bible
So Jesus is the mercy seat.
hmmmmmmmm, ...
mercy seat, place of mercy, lid/covering of the ark of the covenant; Gr.: hilasterios,
LXX usage:
Exodus 25.17-22 "You are to make a mercy-seat/cover for the ark out of pure gold; it is to be three-and-three-quarters feet long and two-and-a-quarter feet high. You are to make two k'ruvim of gold. Make them of hammered work for the two ends of the mercy-seat/ark-cover. Make one keruv for one end and one keruv for the other end; make the k'ruvim of one piece with the mercy-seat/ark-cover at its two ends. The k'ruvim will have their wings spread out above, so that their wings cover the ark, and their faces are toward each other and toward the mercy-seat/ark-cover. You are to put the mercy-seat/ark-cover on top of the ark. "Inside the ark you will put the testimony that I am about to give you. There I will meet with you. I will speak with you from above the mercy-seat/ark-cover, from between the two k'ruvim which are on the ark for the testimony, about all the orders I am giving you for the people of Isra'el.
Exodus 31.7 the tent of meeting, the ark for the testimony, the mercy-seat/ark-cover above it, all the furnishings of the tent,
Exodus 35.12 the ark with its poles, mercy-seat/ark-cover and the curtain to screen it;
Exodus 37.6, 8-9 He made a mercy-seat/cover for the ark of pure gold, three-and-three-quarters feet long and two-and-a-quarter feet wide. He made two k'ruvim of gold; he made them of hammered work for the two ends of the mercy-seat/ark-cover — one keruv for one end and one keruv for the other end; he made the k'ruvim of one piece with the mercy-seat/ark-cover at its two ends. The k'ruvim had their wings spread out above, so that their wings covered the ark; their faces were toward each other and toward the mercy-seat/ark-cover.
Leviticus 16.2, 13-15 Adonai said to Moshe, "Tell your brother Aharon not to come at just any time into the Holy Place beyond the curtain, in front of the mercy-seat/ark-cover which is on the ark, so that he will not die; because I appear in the cloud over the mercy-seat/ark-cover. "Here is how Aharon is to enter the Holy Place: with a young bull as a sin offering and a ram as a burnt offering. He is to put on the holy linen tunic, have the linen shorts next to his bare flesh, have the linen sash wrapped around him, and be wearing the linen turban — they are the holy garments. He is to bathe his body in water and put them on. "He is to take from the community of the people of Isra'el two male goats for a sin offering and one ram for a burnt offering. Aharon is to present the bull for the sin offering which is for himself and make atonement for himself and his household. He is to take the two goats and place them before Adonai at the entrance to the tent of meeting. Then Aharon is to cast lots for the two goats, one lot for Adonai and the other for `Az'azel. Aharon is to present the goat whose lot fell to Adonai and offer it as a sin offering. But the goat whose lot fell to `Az'azel is to be presented alive to Adonai to be used for making atonement over it by sending it away into the desert for `Az'azel. "Aharon is to present the bull of the sin offering for himself; he will make atonement for himself and his household; he is to slaughter the bull of the sin offering which is for himself. He is to take a censer full of burning coals from the altar before Adonai and, with his hands full of ground, fragrant incense, bring it inside the curtain. He is to put the incense on the fire before Adonai, so that the cloud from the incense will cover the mercy-seat/ark-cover which is over the testimony, in order that he not die. He is to take some of the bull's blood and sprinkle it with his finger on the mercy-seat/ark-cover toward the east; and in front of the mercy-seat/ark-cover he is to sprinkle some of the blood with his finger seven times. "Next, he is to slaughter the goat of the sin offering which is for the people, bring its blood inside the curtain and do with its blood as he did with the bull's blood, sprinkling it on the mercy-seat/ark-cover and in front of the mercy-seat/ark-cover.
Numbers 7.89 When Moshe went into the tent of meeting in order to speak with Adonai, he heard the voice speaking to him from above the mercy-seat/ark-cover on the ark for the testimony, from between the two k'ruvim; and he spoke to him.
Ezekiel 43.14, 17, 20 These are the measurements of the altar in cubits (where a cubit equals one cubit and a hand-breadth); from the drain up one cubit high and one cubit wide, with a projection all around its edge of one span. This is the height of the altar: the depth of the hollow which is toward the great mercy-seat/ark-cover, below this, two cubits, and its width, one cubit; and from the little mercy-seat/ark-cover to the great mercy-seat/ark-cover, four cubits, and the width, one cubit. The altar shall be four cubits, and from the altar and above the four horns, one cubit. The altar shall be twelve cubits long, up to fourteen wide, in its four directions, and its projection which goes all around it on all sides is half a cubit, so the outcropping all around is a cubit. Its stairs face to the east. Then He said to me, `Son of man, thus said the Lord, the God of Israel: These are the ordinances for the altar on the day of its construction, for offering up whole burnt-offerings and pouring out blood on it. You shall offer a young bull for a sin offering to the priests, the Levites, who are the seed of Zadok, who approach me to minister liturgically to me, says the Lord God. They shall take some of its blood and put it on the four horns of the altar, and on the four corners of the mercy-seat/ark-cover, and on the step around it; and they shall make atonement for it.
Amos 9.1 I saw the Lord standing by the altar, and he said, “Strike the mercy-seat/ark-cover and the gateway of the temple shall be shaken. And cut through to the heads of all of them, and I wil slay the remnant of them with the sword. He who flees shall not get away, and he who escapes from them shall not be delivered.”
Some translations even use the term ‘atonement seat’ for ‘mercy-seat/ark-cover.’
OK -- I've taken a little tangent pursuing Romans 3 verse 25 and the word 'propitiation'. The Greek 'hilasterion' is used in the LXX for the Hebrew word 'kapparah' which is the word for the 'mercy seat' lid of the ark of the covenant.
My interest is the breadth of meaning of 'mercy seat' as it refers to the faithful sacrificial death of Jesus of Nazareth on that execution stake outside Jerusalem those many years ago.
So I present now some food for thought -- at least my own.
Rom 3:25 -- Comparative English Translations
(ALT) whom God Himself put forward publicly [as] a mercy seat [or, propitiation] through faith in His blood, for a demonstration of His righteousness, because of the passing over of the sins having previously occurred in the tolerance of God,
(ASV) whom God set forth to be a propitiation, through faith, in his blood, to show his righteousness because of the passing over of the sins done aforetime, in the forbearance of God;
(BBE) Whom God has put forward as the sign of his mercy, through faith, by his blood, to make clear his righteousness when, in his pity, God let the sins of earlier times go without punishment;
(Bishops) Whom God hath set foorth to be a propitiatio, through fayth in his blood, to declare his ryghteousnes, in that he forgeueth the sinnes that are past,
(CEV) God sent Christ to be our sacrifice. Christ offered his life's blood, so that by faith in him we could come to God. And God did this to show that in the past he was right to be patient and forgive sinners. This also shows that God is right when he accepts people who have faith in Jesus.
(CJB) God put Yeshua forward as the kapparah for sin through his faithfulness in respect to his bloody sacrificial death. This vindicated God's righteousness; because, in his forbearance, he had passed over [with neither punishment nor remission] the sins people had committed in the past;
(DRB) Whom God hath proposed to be a propitiation, through faith in his blood, to the shewing of his justice, for the remission of former sins,
(EMTV) whom God set forth as a propitiation through faith in His blood, for a demonstration of His righteousness through the passing over of the sins having previously occurred, in the forbearance of God,
(ESV) whom God put forward as a propitiation by his blood, to be received by faith. This was to show God's righteousness, because in his divine forbearance he had passed over former sins.
(Geneva) Whom God hath set forth to be a reconciliation through faith in his blood to declare his righteousnes, by the forgiuenesse of the sinnes that are passed,
(GNB) God offered him, so that by his blood he should become the means by which people's sins are forgiven through their faith in him. God did this in order to demonstrate that he is righteous. In the past he was patient and overlooked people's sins; but in the present time he deals with their sins, in order to demonstrate his righteousness. In this way God shows that he himself is righteous and that he puts right everyone who believes in Jesus.
(GW) God showed that Christ is the throne of mercy where God's approval is given through faith in Christ's blood. In his patience God waited to deal with sins committed in the past.
(HCSB) God presented Him as a propitiation through faith in His blood, to demonstrate His righteousness, because in His restraint God passed over the sins previously committed.
(HNV) whom God set forth to be an atoning sacrifice, through faith in his blood, for a demonstration of his righteousness through the passing over of prior sins, in God's forbearance;
(ISV) whom God offered as a place where atonement by Christ's blood could occur through faith. He did this to demonstrate his righteousness, because he had waited patiently to deal with sins committed in the past.
(KJV) Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his blood, to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins that are past, through the forbearance of God;
(KJV-1611) Whom God hath set forth to bee a propitiation, through faith in his blood, to declare his righteousnesse for the remission of sinnes, that are past, through the forbearance of God.
(LITV) whom God set forth as a propitiation through faith in His blood, as a demonstration of His righteousness through the passing over of the sins that had taken place before, in the forbearance of God,
(MKJV) whom God has set forth to be a propitiation through faith in His blood, to declare His righteousness through the passing by of the sins that had taken place before, in the forbearance of God;
(MRC) Whom God displayed publicly as a propitiation in His blood through faith. This was to demonstrate His righteousness, because in the forbearance of God He passed over the sins previously committed;
(MSG) God sacrificed Jesus on the altar of the world to clear that world of sin. Having faith in him sets us in the clear. God decided on this course of action in full view of the public--to set the world in the clear with himself through the sacrifice of Jesus, finally taking care of the sins he had so patiently endured.
(Murdock) whom God hath preconstituted a propitiation, by faith in his blood, because of our sins, which we before committed,
(NAS77) whom God displayed publicly as a propitiation in His blood through faith. This was to demonstrate His righteousness, because in the forbearance of God He passed over the sins previously committed;
(NASB) whom God displayed publicly as a propitiation in His blood through faith. This was to demonstrate His righteousness, because in the forbearance of God He passed over the sins previously committed;
(NET.) God publicly displayed him at his death as the mercy seat accessible through faith. This was to demonstrate his righteousness, because God in his forbearance had passed over the sins previously committed.
(NIrV) God gave him as a sacrifice to pay for sins. So he forgives the sins of those who have faith in his blood. God did all of that to prove that he is fair. Because of his mercy he did not punish people for the sins they had committed before Jesus died for them.
(NIV) God presented him as a sacrifice of atonement, through faith in his blood. He did this to demonstrate his justice, because in his forbearance he had left the sins committed beforehand unpunished—
(NKJV) whom God set forth as a propitiation by His blood, through faith, to demonstrate His righteousness, because in His forbearance God had passed over the sins that were previously committed,
(NLT) For God presented Jesus as the sacrifice for sin. People are made right with God when they believe that Jesus sacrificed His life, shedding His blood. This sacrifice shows that God was being fair when He held back and did not punish those who sinned in times past,
(NRSV) whom God put forward as a sacrifice of atonement by his blood, effective through faith. He did this to show his righteousness, because in his divine forbearance he had passed over the sins previously committed;
(NRSVA) whom God put forward as a sacrifice of atonement by his blood, effective through faith. He did this to show his righteousness, because in his divine forbearance he had passed over the sins previously committed;
(NRSV-CE) whom God put forward as a sacrifice of atonement by his blood, effective through faith. He did this to show his righteousness, because in his divine forbearance he had passed over the sins previously committed;
(RSV) whom God put forward as an expiation by his blood, to be received by faith. This was to show God's righteousness, because in his divine forbearance he had passed over former sins;
(RSVA) whom God put forward as an expiation by his blood, to be received by faith. This was to show God's righteousness, because in his divine forbearance he had passed over former sins;
(RV) whom God set forth to be a propitiation, through faith, by his blood, to shew his righteousness, because of the passing over of the sins done aforetime, in the forbearance of God;
(TNIV) God presented Christ as a sacrifice of atonement, through the shedding of his blood—to be received by faith. He did this to demonstrate his justice, because in his forbearance he had left the sins committed beforehand unpunished—
(WEB) whom God set forth to be an atoning sacrifice, through faith in his blood, for a demonstration of his righteousness through the passing over of prior sins, in God's forbearance;
(Webster) Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation, through faith in his blood, to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins that are past, through the forbearance of God;
(WNT) He it is whom God put forward as a Mercy-seat, rendered efficacious through faith in His blood, in order to demonstrate His righteousness-- because of the passing over, in God's forbearance, of the sins previously committed--
(YLT) whom God did set forth a mercy seat, through the faith in his blood, for the shewing forth of His righteousness, because of the passing over of the bygone sins in the forbearance of God--
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